Map 对象保存键值对,并且能够记住键的原始插入顺序。任何值(对象或者原始值) 都可以作为一个键或一个值。
语法
new Map([iterable])
参数
iterable- Iterable 可以是一个
数组或者其他 iterable 对象,其元素为键值对(两个元素的数组,例如: [[ 1, 'one' ],[ 2, 'two' ]])。 每个键值对都会添加到新的 Map。null会被当做undefined。
描述
一个Map对象在迭代时会根据对象中元素的插入顺序来进行 — 一个 for...of 循环在每次迭代后会返回一个形式为[key,value]的数组。
键的相等(Key equality)
- 键的比较是基于
sameValueZero算法: NaN是与NaN相等的(虽然NaN !== NaN),剩下所有其它的值是根据===运算符的结果判断是否相等。- 在目前的ECMAScript规范中,
-0和+0被认为是相等的,尽管这在早期的草案中并不是这样。有关详细信息,请参阅浏览器兼容性 表中的“Value equality for -0 and 0”。
Objects 和 maps 的比较
Objects 和 Maps 类似的是,它们都允许你按键存取一个值、删除键、检测一个键是否绑定了值。因此(并且也没有其他内建的替代方式了)过去我们一直都把对象当成 Maps 使用。不过 Maps 和 Objects 有一些重要的区别,在下列情况里使用 Map 会是更好的选择:
- 一个
Object的键只能是字符串或者Symbols,但一个Map的键可以是任意值,包括函数、对象、基本类型。 - Map 中的键值是有序的,而添加到对象中的键则不是。因此,当对它进行遍历时,Map 对象是按插入的顺序返回键值。
注意:自ECMAScript 2015规范以来,对象确实保留了字符串和Symbol键的创建顺序; 因此,在只有字符串键的对象上进行迭代将按插入顺序产生键。
- 你可以通过
size属性直接获取一个Map的键值对个数,而Object的键值对个数只能手动计算。 Map可直接进行迭代,而Object的迭代需要先获取它的键数组,然后再进行迭代。Object都有自己的原型,原型链上的键名有可能和你自己在对象上的设置的键名产生冲突。
注意:虽然 ES5 开始可以用 map = Object.create(null) 来创建一个没有原型的对象,但是这种用法不太常见。
Map在涉及频繁增删键值对的场景下会有些性能优势。
属性
Map.length- 属性 length 的值为 0 。
想要计算一个Map中的条目数量, 使用Map.prototype.size. get Map[@@species]- 本构造函数用于创建派生对象。
Map.prototype- 表示
Map构造器的原型。 允许添加属性从而应用于所有的Map对象。
Map 实例
所有的 Map 对象实例都会继承 Map.prototype。
属性
Map.prototype.constructor- 返回一个函数,它创建了实例的原型。默认是
Map函数。 Map.prototype.size- 返回Map对象的键/值对的数量。
方法
Map.prototype.clear()- 移除Map对象的所有键/值对 。
Map.prototype.delete(key)- 如果
Map对象中存在该元素,则移除它并返回true;否则如果该元素不存在则返回false。随后调用Map.prototype.has(key)将返回false。 Map.prototype.entries()- 返回一个新的
Iterator对象,它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的[key, value]数组。 Map.prototype.forEach(callbackFn[, thisArg])- 按插入顺序,为
Map对象里的每一键值对调用一次callbackFn函数。如果为forEach提供了thisArg,它将在每次回调中作为this值。 Map.prototype.get(key)- 返回键对应的值,如果不存在,则返回undefined。
Map.prototype.has(key)- 返回一个布尔值,表示Map实例是否包含键对应的值。
Map.prototype.keys()- 返回一个新的
Iterator对象, 它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的键 。 Map.prototype.set(key, value)- 设置Map对象中键的值。返回该Map对象。
Map.prototype.values()- 返回一个新的
Iterator对象,它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的值 。 Map.prototype[@@iterator]()- 返回一个新的
Iterator对象,它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的[key, value]数组。
示例
使用 Map 对象
let myMap = new Map();
let keyObj = {};
let keyFunc = function() {};
let keyString = 'a string';
// 添加键
myMap.set(keyString, "和键'a string'关联的值");
myMap.set(keyObj, "和键keyObj关联的值");
myMap.set(keyFunc, "和键keyFunc关联的值");
myMap.size; // 3
// 读取值
myMap.get(keyString); // "和键'a string'关联的值"
myMap.get(keyObj); // "和键keyObj关联的值"
myMap.get(keyFunc); // "和键keyFunc关联的值"
myMap.get('a string'); // "和键'a string'关联的值"
// 因为keyString === 'a string'
myMap.get({}); // undefined, 因为keyObj !== {}
myMap.get(function() {}); // undefined, 因为keyFunc !== function () {}
将 NaN 作为 Map 的键
NaN 也可以作为Map对象的键。虽然 NaN 和任何值甚至和自己都不相等(NaN !== NaN 返回true),但下面的例子表明,NaN作为Map的键来说是没有区别的:
let myMap = new Map();
myMap.set(NaN, "not a number");
myMap.get(NaN); // "not a number"
let otherNaN = Number("foo");
myMap.get(otherNaN); // "not a number"
使用 for..of 方法迭代 Map
Map可以使用for..of循环来实现迭代:
let myMap = new Map();
myMap.set(0, "zero");
myMap.set(1, "one");
for (let [key, value] of myMap) {
console.log(key + " = " + value);
}
// 将会显示两个log。一个是"0 = zero"另一个是"1 = one"
for (let key of myMap.keys()) {
console.log(key);
}
// 将会显示两个log。 一个是 "0" 另一个是 "1"
for (let value of myMap.values()) {
console.log(value);
}
// 将会显示两个log。 一个是 "zero" 另一个是 "one"
for (let [key, value] of myMap.entries()) {
console.log(key + " = " + value);
}
// 将会显示两个log。 一个是 "0 = zero" 另一个是 "1 = one"
使用 forEach() 方法迭代 Map
Map也可以通过forEach()方法迭代:
myMap.forEach(function(value, key) {
console.log(key + " = " + value);
})
// 将会显示两个logs。 一个是 "0 = zero" 另一个是 "1 = one"
Map 与数组的关系
let kvArray = [["key1", "value1"], ["key2", "value2"]];
// 使用常规的Map构造函数可以将一个二维键值对数组转换成一个Map对象
let myMap = new Map(kvArray);
myMap.get("key1"); // 返回值为 "value1"
// 使用Array.from函数可以将一个Map对象转换成一个二维键值对数组
console.log(Array.from(myMap)); // 输出和kvArray相同的数组
// 更简洁的方法来做如上同样的事情,使用展开运算符
console.log([...myMap]);
// 或者在键或者值的迭代器上使用Array.from,进而得到只含有键或者值的数组
console.log(Array.from(myMap.keys())); // 输出 ["key1", "key2"]
复制或合并 Maps
Map 能像数组一样被复制:
let original = new Map([ [1, 'one'] ]); let clone = new Map(original); console.log(clone.get(1)); // one console.log(original === clone); // false. 浅比较 不为同一个对象的引用
重要:请记住,数据本身未被克隆。
Map对象间可以进行合并,但是会保持键的唯一性。
let first = new Map([ [1, 'one'], [2, 'two'], [3, 'three'], ]); let second = new Map([ [1, 'uno'], [2, 'dos'] ]); // 合并两个Map对象时,如果有重复的键值,则后面的会覆盖前面的。 // 展开运算符本质上是将Map对象转换成数组。 let merged = new Map([...first, ...second]); console.log(merged.get(1)); // uno console.log(merged.get(2)); // dos console.log(merged.get(3)); // three
Map对象也能与数组合并:
let first = new Map([ [1, 'one'], [2, 'two'], [3, 'three'], ]); let second = new Map([ [1, 'uno'], [2, 'dos'] ]); // Map对象同数组进行合并时,如果有重复的键值,则后面的会覆盖前面的。 let merged = new Map([...first, ...second, [1, 'eins']]); console.log(merged.get(1)); // eins console.log(merged.get(2)); // dos console.log(merged.get(3)); // three
使用说明
请注意!为Map设置对象属性也是可以的,但是可能引起大量的混乱。
所以,你还是可以这样做...
let wrongMap = new Map()
wrongMap['bla'] = 'blaa'
wrongMap['bla2'] = 'blaaa2'
console.log(wrongMap) // Map { bla: 'blaa', bla2: 'blaaa2' }
...但是,这样做的话,它的行为会不符合预期:
wrongMap.has('bla') // false
wrongMap.delete('bla') // false
console.log(wrongMap) // Map { bla: 'blaa', bla2: 'blaaa2' }
无论如何,和正确用法比较起来,几乎没有什么不同:
let myMap = new Map()
myMap.set('bla','blaa')
myMap.set('bla2','blaa2')
console.log(myMap) // Map { 'bla' => 'blaa', 'bla2' => 'blaa2' }
myMap.has('bla') // true
myMap.delete('bla') // true
console.log(myMap) // Map { 'bla2' => 'blaa2' }
规范
| Specification | Status | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262) Map |
Standard | Initial definition. |
| ECMAScript Latest Draft (ECMA-262) Map |
Draft |
浏览器兼容性
The compatibility table on this page is generated from structured data. If you'd like to contribute to the data, please check out https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data and send us a pull request.
| Desktop | Mobile | Server | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Map | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs
Full support
0.12
|
Map() constructor | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
clear | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 19 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 19 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
delete | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs
Full support
0.12
|
entries | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 20 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 20 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
forEach | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 25 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 25 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
get | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
has | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
| Key equality for -0 and 0 | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 29 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 9 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 29 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 9 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 4.0.0 |
keys | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 20 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 20 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
set | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE
Partial support
11
| Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
size | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox
Full support
19
| IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android
Full support
19
| Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
values | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 20 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 20 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
@@iterator | Chrome Full support 43 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox
Full support
36
| IE No support No | Opera Full support 30 | Safari Full support 10 | WebView Android Full support 43 | Chrome Android Full support 43 | Firefox Android
Full support
36
| Opera Android Full support 30 | Safari iOS Full support 10 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 4.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
@@species | Chrome Full support 51 | Edge Full support 13 | Firefox Full support 41 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 38 | Safari Full support 10 | WebView Android Full support 51 | Chrome Android Full support 51 | Firefox Android Full support 41 | Opera Android Full support 41 | Safari iOS Full support 10 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 5.0 | nodejs
Full support
6.5.0
|
@@toStringTag | Chrome Full support 44 | Edge Full support 79 | Firefox Full support 51 | IE No support No | Opera No support No | Safari No support No | WebView Android Full support 44 | Chrome Android Full support 44 | Firefox Android Full support 51 | Opera Android No support No | Safari iOS No support No | Samsung Internet Android Full support 4.0 | nodejs No support No |
Legend
- Full support
- Full support
- Partial support
- Partial support
- No support
- No support
- See implementation notes.
- See implementation notes.
- User must explicitly enable this feature.
- User must explicitly enable this feature.
- Uses a non-standard name.
- Uses a non-standard name.